The Partition of India came about in the aftermath of World War II, when both Great Britain and British India were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its demobilisation. It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal "Pakistan" and "Hindustan" once independence came. Nearly one third of the Muslim population of British India remained in India. Inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims resulted in between 200,000 and 2 million casualties leaving 14 million people displaced. Princely states in India were provided with an Instrument of Accession to accede to either India or Pakistan.
And Therefore Many conflicts have been raised between India and Pakistan. There have been some main conflicts between India and Pakistan after independence.
The first Indo-Pakistani conflict one came shortly after independence, and was waged in 1947 and 1948. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after independence by launching tribal lashkar (militia) from wasiristan in an effort to capture Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. The military was called upon to defend the borders of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, when Tribals - mainly Pathans - attacked from the northwest reaches of Kashmir on October 22nd,1947. Despite early successes, the Indian army suffered a setback in December 1947, which forced the Indian troops to retreat from the border areas. In the spring of 1948, the Indian side mounted another offensive to retake some of the ground that it had lost. Finally, the United Nations intervened, and brought the war to a close on January 1, 1949. The Pakistan controlled areas are collectively referred to as Pakistan administered Kashmir.
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| Dakotas in Poonch in 1947 war |
Indian Soldiers fighting in 1947 war
The second Indo-Pakistani conflict in 1965 was also fought over Kashmir, and started without a formal declaration of war. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. It is widely accepted that the war began with the infiltration of Pakistani-controlled guerrillas into Indian Kashmir in august 1965. Indian forces scored major victories, which led to Pakistani counter attacks. The war was at the point of a stalemate, when the UN unanimously passed a resolution, and the war ended on September 22nd. Internationally, the war was viewed in the context of the greater Cold War, and resulted in a significant geopolitical shift in the subcontinent. Before the war, the United States and the United Kingdom had been major material allies of both India and Pakistan, as their primary suppliers of military hardware and foreign developmental aid.
1965 War Cover
Continued in Part-2